Electrical heater for treating oilshale and the like



June 7, 1960 F. LJUNGSTROM ELECTRICAL HEATER FOR TREATING OIL-SHALE AND THE LIKE 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Original Filed June 24, 1947 .4 uf-u L. Z .1

June 7, 1960 F. LJUNGSTROM 2,939,689

I ELECTRICAL HEATER FOR TREATING OIL-SHALE AND THE LIKE Original Filed June 24. 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 .4 H I may INV EN TOR.

June 7, 1960 F. LJUNGSTROM ELECTRICAL HEATER FOR TREATING OIL-SHALE AND THE LIKE 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Original Filed June 24. 1947 INVENTOR.

June 7, 1960 F. LJUNGSTROM ELECTRICAL HEATER FOR TREATING OIL-SHALE AND THE LIKE SSheets-Sheet 4 Original Filed June 24. 194'? INVENTOR.

7 //w///A WfiA 7fi// June 7, 1960 F. LJIJNGSTROM ,9 ,689

ELECTRICAL HEATER FOR TREATING OIL-SHALE AND THE LIKE Original Filed June 24, 1947 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 ELECTRICAL HEATER FORTREA'IING OIL- SHA LE-'ANDTHELH(E Fredrik Ljnngstrom, Fiskerba cksltil, Sweden,, as sig nor,, by direct and. mesne assignments of. one-half: to- Svenska Skiffcrolje Aktieholaget Arehro, Sweden, a. corporation of Sweden; and one half" to Husky Oil- Company, Cody, Wyo., a corporationinf Delaware Original application June 24;; 1947, .Ser.:; No; 756;624',".

now Patent No. 2,732,1955- dated--Jan.-,24,- 1956'. Di vi9d9ed 272ml this. applicati'omDec. 18;- 1953, Serial No. 3 ,13 a

9 Claims. ((-11; 262;?!)

products formed underthe action of heatbeing recovered;-

through other channels-separatedfrom the first men? tionedchannels by intermediatelportions of. the shales.

Inthe heat treatment of. shales or. other hydrocarbon; or. mineral containing deposits, the 1 temperaturetin the: heat supply channels should be-considerably higher than; the temperature at which the distillation. products are States atent O v 1 Ce 2,939,689

rnent and'iof a tubular element fortheassembly ofitlie:

1 element: Y

produced in order to recoverthe sameyvithin a reasonable time- Such high temperatures. haveheretofore in prior: art. recoveries, resulted in an unfavorable eifectorr the oil or hydrocarbon products obtained. insofaras; they are" carbonized to a substantialwextentf andconvertedz'toxin-z condensable gases.

.The present application is a division of my copending application Serial No. 756,624, filed June 24, 1947., now Patent. No. 2,732,195 granted Jan. 24, 1956, entitled Method ofTreating Oil Shale and Recovery of Oil and;

Other. Mineral: Products Therefrom; V

Among the objects ofthe present iuventioniisinclude'd. the: productiontand recovery of. distillation products. of higher: quality than was heretofore possibleiniprion art processes.

Further: objects include means; for ensuring good" heat' conductionbetween the heat supply 'meansandtthe walls of the channels of the shales or'other deposits.

Still further objects include means to prevent distillation products extractedin the Zonesof the deposits; which products are at. approximately distillation temperatures; from flowing toward the hot zone adjacent the said channel.

Still further objects'and advantages of the present invention will appear from the more detailed description given below by way of explanation and illustration, but without limitation thereto, since various changestherein Fig. 6 is a sectional view taken on the line VIVI ot" Fig.5., 3

Fig; is a partial-sectional view of a deviceor an auxiliary member used inconnecti'on with the tubular element shown in Figs='5 and 6; v Fig; 8 shows a dfevice for loo'senin'g theheating'elemenf' fromthe rock, the figure beingfa sectional view taken on the Iine 'VIII -VHI of-Fig: 9.

Fig. 9 is asectional view taken on "the line-IX -IX" of Fig. 10 is a sectional view of 'a modifihation of a-h eating:

element; and of a modification of an' auxiliarymember" for the assembly: thereofl 7 p Figs. 11* and are=sectional viewstaken on the lines XI XI and XII- -XII-bfFig; l0', respectively.

Fig; 1 3 is a sectionaliview, similar to'that of Fig. 10, of

adult-her modification of the electric heating element; and ofa modiiitiation o'fthe auxiliary member for the assembl-y thene'of;

'Fig. 14 1s a sectional view taken on the line'XIVXIV' ofi' Figr l3.

Fig; 15 lSha longitudinal sectional view of a channel bored into the shalesand of means'for collecting and re moving the volatile products from the shale;

Fig. l6 isa top viewof a field diagrammatically illus= tr'at-ing the arrangement of the'variouschannel's" bored down into the shalerocks.

In"; accordancewitlt the present invention, the heating? element for recovery of distillation'products', from shale's 'or other mineral deposits, is adapted to be placed within acliannel insaid sltale ordeposit and the space between may be'made by those skilled in the art without departing Fig.v 4 illustrates a preferred apparatusfor building the electriclheating element into the shale-rock.

Fig. 5: is. aslongitudinal sectionalview of a-heating1ele-- th'eeliannel andthe heating element isfilled with granular" heatconductingmateriakwhereby the" heat supply may be-uniformlya controlled 4 over substantial 3 depths or areas in said channel whether or'not a casingr'i's' present. For" these purposes means are also provided to facilitate supply of the granular material" and to ensure its most eflici'ent" distrib'ution'in the channel or casing. Furthermore; heat ing elements'and associated feeding members. for the granular-material are providedto provide unitaryfstrum' tures foruse' particularly with associated vibrating, mech anism for'us'e d'urin'g' the-supply of granular material to insure theidesired distribution thereofi Structures may thus be obtained which may be removed as" entitiesfrom the" channel forreuse at" other localities: For this pure pose means" are provided to facilitate"removal'of the"- granular material from the channel or' casing to release: the heating element and any associated mechanism so that-they may be readily removedfrom the channel or casing. The'd'evices also permit novel, arrangements of heating elements and of electrical. circuits for supplying power tosaid elements; These and many otherfeatures will. appearfrom' the description of'the structures shown.

7 in the drawings.

Referring to'the drawings, an electric conductor. 2,,as"

shown iniFigi 1'; is connected to helically' shaped conductor" 3', preferably made from ordinary iron; The

conductor'S is welded, as at 4, to'electric' resistance 5}] which is likewiseof helical form. The resistanceS' is; annularlyweld'ed at the lower end thereof to con-tact sleeve 7 whichlis'adapted to betiglitenedfup against bottom. stopper 9' by means of; screw 8;" saidistopper being; rigidly connected. with tubular resistance casing.v 1'1. by.

means .of. weld join-till. In thisway, ,tlie casingis inelectrically conducting connection wit-hresi-stancercoill 5."en-- closed-thereby. Thecasingv ll is.-=connecte h at the. top by; meansofsa clamp; 12- and anaearthconnection 13, withear-th'. connection. .means-. (notsl1 o wn in .-a.known-.- L -manners Now, it awsingle-ph-ase alternating currcntais l 'atented June 7, 1960 3 passed through the conductor 2, the member 3, the coil 5, the bottom stopper 9, the resistance casing 11 and the earth connection 13, the coil 5 and preferably also the casing 11 will 'be heated, the heat thus produced being transmitted to the shale rock 14 surrounding said 038mg.

The channel or hole 15 bored into the shale r0ck and having the above described heating element engaging the same, is notv of uniform contour by reason of the nature of the rock, said =bore hole showing instead ra-ther'a ragged contour irregular in its details, as indicated at 16. At the same time, the hole will not be exactly straight and consequently it will not conform withthe tubular casing 11 in a. close geometrical manner. For this reason, a space 17 is provided to permit the tube 11 to be introduced into the hole 15. The hole 15 is of a depth, which may amount to 20-30 meters, or more, and

the electric heating elements become very long and narrow. The casings 11 are composed, therefore, of a number of tubular lengths united by welded joints 18. These joints may be either autogenous gas welds or electric resistance welds, preferably such of the butt weld type. The casings are mounted so that a tubular length 19 of 6 meters, for example, is first introduced into the hole 15, whereupon another tubular length 20 is welded by gas or electrical welding to the tubular length 19, and then to a subsequent third tubular length, and so forth, until the casing is of the desired length in the hole 15, After the casing 11 has been introduced in this manner into the hole 15, the flexible resistance 5, which is integral in its longitudinal direction, is introduced into thecasing. The contact sleeve 7 of the resistance-is securedto the bottom stopper 9 by means of the screw 8 with the aid of a wrench suitably combined from a plurality bored therein of a depth required for present purposes results in subsoil water, to a greater or lesser degree, flowing into the bore holes, or, if it is endeavoured to drain off the subsoil water from the rock, there will in any case result moist or wet portions here and there along the longitudinal directionof the hole. In addition, the geologic shale formations often contain small stratifications of clay or other loose substances that have been deposited here and there alternately with the shale during the various periods of development of the shale rock, said periods showing diflerences in time of millions of years between the origin of the different layers. For this reason there is no homogeneity in the structure of the wall of the hole. At times it will be smeary from clay penetrating into the same, and at times the water will penetrate into the same from the various layers. As a result the sand, if filled into the space 17 in the ordinary manner, may be moistor smeary because of the wet regions in the bore hole or because of the small particles of the hole of the wall built up from clay or the like. The sand is thus likely to clog and fail to fill the space 17 in a satisfactory homogeneous manner.

The invention provides means to eliminate these difiiculties, so that the space 17 and all crannies of the same will be entirely filled by a compact layer of sand. To this end, a vibrator 21 (Fig. 4) is applied directly to the pipe 11, said vibrator being .in known manner built together with a motor 22 adapted to drive a rotary shaft 23 having a centrifugal weight 24 eccentrically mounted thereon. pipe 11 by means of a clamping device 25. A bowl 26 is tightly fitted to the hole 15 by means of a packing 27 and a cement lining 28. The bowl 26 is filled with water and then with sand 128. The water flows down so as to fill the hole 15, whereupon the sand will sink down slowly through the water so as to displace the latter upwardly by its own weight. The arrangement is in The apparatus 21 is tightened upon the d dry.

4 this connection based on the following physical phenomenon.

If sand be moistened or wet-ted, it permits of being shaped to various forms. By the presence of the water the sand obtains a certain coherence, which depends on the fact that a film of liquid between two sand grains in the very angle between the adjacent sand grains shows a water surface with a very small radius of curvature and, a strong capillary effect. The liquid surface tendsto expand this radius of curvature, the sand grains being consequently pressed against each other with a certain force. Consequently, sand of a merely moist or wet nature may be packed, for instance, into a cup (compare with v a childs play), and by turning this cup upside down, a coherent body of sand of the shape of the cup is obtained, as is well known. On the other hand, sand of this struc ture cannot flow or be pressed through long holes, nor can it accurately fill a space of the nature of the space 17 (Figs. 1, 4), particularly if clay from the wall of the hole contamintes the sand in addition thereto. If a stick is thrust down into a moist or wet heap of sand, then the stick will leave a hole behind when pulled up. Analogously a number of spaces will be obtained, if it is endeavoured to fill a long and narrow hole with sand, if such filling is possible at all.

According to the invention, the filling of sand takes place beneath the water surface, as will appear from the above. In such case, there is no liquid film between two sand grains bearing on each other, which film' would tend to press the grains onto each other. All forces about the sand grains are entirely balanced, and the grains move just as easily relatively to each other as if they were If dry sand is scooped up in a heap on a plane, the lateral surfaces of the heap form a certain angle, the

so-called sliding angle, to the horizontal plane, depending on the friction between the sand grains. If the sand is moist, this sliding angle becomes much steeper, and may in certain cases be vertical (for instance the hole after the stick). On the other hand, if the sand is entirely underneath a water surface when being scooped up, the sand heap assumes the shape involved by its sliding angle in the dry state, and consequently becomes movable as far as possible. If in the latter case the sand is subjected to vibration, all sand grains are brought into a vivid movement, from which it follows that all conceivable spaces are filled compactly by said grains of different sizes. tioned physical conditions in such manner that the tubu lar casing 11 is subjected to a powerful vibration all over its length by means of the vibrator 21, while the hole 17 is filled with water, whereupon the sand 128 is filled underneath the water surface 29 into the container formed by the bowl 26. The space 1'7 is thus filled effectively and compactly with sand from below and upwardly, independently of whether there is any subsoil water in the shale rock, and independently of whether the shale rock consists in small areas of thin stratifications of clay adapted to form a sludge in water. Vibration and filling of sand having proceeded for a suitable time, such as one hour,

the vibrator 21 and the bowl 2e are removed. The tube 11 is then by means of the sand layer 17 in a compact intimate connection with the shale rock 14, whereby the greatest possible heat conducting capacity has been provided between the tube 11 and the shale rock.

When the electric current is turned on, the electric resistance 5 (Fig. 1) gives off its heat to the surrounding area and thus to the tube 11. Finally, the whole aggregate reaches a temperature lying, for instance, between 500 and 1000 C. Now, a strong external pressure acts upon the casing 11 by reason of the fact that the casing is substantially immovab-ly connected with the wall 15 of the hole through the firm packing of the intermediate sand layer 17, as well as by the fact that the casing 11 tends to expand through the thermal expansion, while being prevented therefrom by the surrounding mass The invention takes advantage of the above-memof rock. This pressure on the casing is made still more pronounced: by the fact that in: the-destructive distillation which; isperhaps smaller than the, original one by a few 7 percent or more. 'l he'tendency is therefore for the tubular casing 11 to be compressed; It is: afurt-her feature-ofthe' invention, that the resistance element is fiXed with respectto itspositiont relative to the protective: casing '11 by. the electrically; non'econductingi'pulverulent substance brought' dowmi'nto' saidcasing; e'.g.x by the quartz sand, or. by crushed quartzgravelras explainedabove. At thesame. time, this: substance serves to reinforce the protecting casing; against". the. above mentiOned' external pressure, so: that intimate: contactiiszmaintainedi between the. same: andythe outer. sandfilling: 17; despite the: prevailing high temperatures.

For. the fil'lingxofi the: said substance; the device shown in Figs. 57 may be. advantageously used'inith'eembodimentaccordingto Fig; l. A pipe.3 1'is brought down into the casing 11; said; pipehaving.azdiameter. somewhat small'erthan that ofthecoiliS, and-through which quartzgravel 32 is letdown into the casing: The pipe 31 hasxa guide -member 33 which: attains, a: fixedr position; relative to the longitudinal axis-ofthe resistance unit. by mean'saof protuberances (oneor. more)? 34 between .the. :wire convolutions ofthe: resistance 5". Thecpipe;3d=communicates:v

with a filling; funnel 35 (Fig. 7-), Whf6lHT quartz? gravel.

36 is -beingfilledu The gravel=then fiowsdown throughfa;

number of apertures. 4 l1inpa' connecting'memberfd-fi into the pipe: 31. In order. that the body ofa gravel thus brought: into the casing shall be eifectively packed together; the. pipe 3-1 is: connected, according tothe -invention,-,with. a

vibrator 37, which by means of thetwosingleerow ball-.'

unit: consisting of the vibrato-r 3 7"and the .parts 40; 31a-nd..

33, as. well as-of the? mass of. gravel 3-2: flowing; into the" same, is brought into vibration. Simultaneously with. the filling ofr-the gravel 3'2, the-pipe 31' is turned,1for in-- stance bylbeing actuated manually, so'that the:prot-uber-- ances 34 in the helical space of-.the coil 5.-will be screwed upwardly at a constant-filling; of gravel. During" such screwing movementfrom below and upwardly, thew-hole;-

resistanceunit isv being filled'with quartz gravel: 3-2 at a constant vibration, whereby the gravel becomes tightly packed toreinforce thecasing 11,.while the. resistance 5 is held fast in its proper position for the whole of itslength fromibelow and. upwardly. Furthermore; a maximum. of-fxheat. transmitting capacity is ensured between. thisresistance. and. the surrounding.

The. electric resistance .5 has a great extension .inthe verticall'direction, as willbe. seenfromthe above. If the resistance were introduced. so asto. be freely suspended or. to be held, for instance, by parts of various constructions supportingthe same, such as are made useuofin the general construction ofelectric. resistances, then the. supporting of the. resistance. would. nevertheless cause serious and, perhaps,insurmountable, construction difliculties for the reason that the combinedweight of thewhole resist.- ance would exert too. great stresses on the. supporting parts, which are influenced bythe hightemperature with-f in the resistance, whereby the strength thereof. is highly. impaired; According to the invention, however,:a firm gripzis produced. about all of the parts of-the resistance mutually and relatively to the surrounding .masso-frock, so that no portion of the resistance is'left without. asupport; whereby it would be subjectedto dangerous deformations, but. is at. the same time so firmly connected with thesurrounding thatthe dimensional changes inthe longitudinal direction of the resistance may take place under adequate conditions; that is'to say, without causing any short-circuits or any irregulardeformation".

The resistance 5 may be made from a chromium iron alloy holding a high percentage of chronriiu'm. Such a---'mat'erial is rather expensive and should, therefore, be utilizedas long'as possible. Accordingly; after-thesurrounding mass of rocl has reached the desired temperature, the electric resistance 5 may be'removed' fi'omthe casing 11, in order tobe used again iii-another prote'cb ing" casing and another hole in the-rock; To this end; a'pipe is-introd'uced within theresi'stance-S, the pipebeing thrust down vertically-and commu'nicates'withair of a high: pressure, the sand being then blown up out of the casing 11. After that, the screw 8 is loosened by'means of the above-named coupled wrench, whereupon the-resistance S 'may be pulled up from the casing 11'" to be again screwed fast within another resistance-casing? i In this manner; the whole resistance element may thus be brought into use a plurality of'consecutive times for various heating periods, while a rigid connection between thesame and the surrounding rock'aswell as a" heat transfer to the latter as effective as possible are ensured atthe same-time:

In the form of embodiment shown' in *Figs. w ll; the" resistance is made in two arcuate sections 46. The sand packing member 47 is centered in-the casingll by means of a sleeve 48*, which is connected to this member by rivets 49. The arcuateresistance elements'are received between the sand pack ing'member 47"and the centering sleeve 48. The filling of quartz gravel'is eifected in the same'manner as that above described, save for-the fact" that the filling members need not be rotated here, but'may be pulled straight upwardly during the filling operation.

A further modification of the resistance elements is shown in Figs. 13 and 14. A filling member 50 embraces, by means of a crown 51 provided, for instance, with six holes, the same number of resistance coils 52, which" are thus kept in position in the above-described manner during the filling oftlie quartz gravel, while the member Stimediates the filling and the packing'of the quartz gravel at vibration.

' In the assembly of the electric resistances; it'is' of'importance that a live-'partis not brought too'near' another part of 'a' loweror higher'tension at anyindividual point within the whole resistanceunit. A certain-minimum distance, with a so-called creeping length involved thereby, is required, therefore, to create' safety against rupturing'of'the'electric'current. Should, for instance; any'part' of the resistance coil orresistance element become deformed by carelessness when brought down into'the prote'ctingcasing, it is conceivable that'in spite of the'guide' members above described, said coil or element might" nevertheless at some point come too neara portion of a different electric tension by said deformation. To prevent such-an' event, the pulverulent filling material is crushed, according to the invention; if. consisting of crushed material, or' sifted, if consisting; for instance,

of'natural quartz' sand, to such grain sizes that a great:

. 7 grains. For example, if the resistance unit has an intermediate space between the resistance casing and the resistance element, which is all over 3 mm. at least, a greatest grain size would be selected, which may be sifted through a sieve having intermediate spaces of 2 mm. For example, if 10% of the resistance material consist of such 2 mm. grains, these occur mixed in such a quantity with the finer grain sizes that a minimum play of at least 2 mm. is ensured all over, While the smaller grain sizes permit at the same time the filling of the spaces and, although they do not contribute directly to the electric insulation, participate nevertheless very effectively to provide for the heat transfer between the electric resistance and the surrounding protecting casing.

In Fig. an exhaust hole 55 for the volatile products produced in the shales is illustrated, said hole being bored vertically like the hole 15 through the shales. The hole is open except at its upper part, where it is closed by a tubular member 56 having a flange 67 for connecting it to a collecting pipe system (not shown) of Well-known kind. The member 56 has a lower portion 57 fitting with rather small play in the hole 55, and an upper portion 58 having a less diameter than the portion 57. The space between the wall of the hole 55 and the upper portion 58 of the member 56 is filled with sand or quartz preferably in such manner that larger grains are placed just above the widened lower portion 57, so as together with the latter to prevent the finer grains to fall down in the hole. 59 is a layer of another kind of rock such as limestone, which may cover the shale layers 14 and in turn be covered by a layer 60 of earth.

In Fig. 16 rows of exhaust holes 55 are provided over a held at a suitable spaced relation. The holes 15 engaging the heating elements are in this case spaced in a hexagonal fashion with a hole 55 in the center of each hexagonal. It is assumed that in the proximity of a row of holes 15 marked by the dash line 61 the heat,

supply has continued for such a time that the final extraction temperature is reached. In the adjacent row 63 of holes 15 tht heat supply may be started later, so that final temperature is reached at a later state. The heating elements of the subsequent rows of holes 15 are successively brought in operation consequently a wave of heat is traversing the shale in the direction of the arrow 62 in Fig. 16, the volatile products extracted from the shales being removed through the holes 55, which also are successively connected to the collecting pipe system.

The volatile products recovered by the heating process of the shale rocks are non-condensable as well as condensable. The latter include hydrocarbons from the lightest gasoline to the heaviest oil. By the fact that the heat supply channels are entirely filled according to the invention the hydrocarbons, when produced, are moved in the direction to the exhaust channels that is away from the hot heating elements. Otherwise the hydrocarbons could to a substantial extent find their way to said elementsfollowing the smallest resistanceespecially in the lowest part of the shale rock, where the pressure from the rock is the highest. The invention involves the important advantage, that the hydrocarbons are in this way prevented from being decomposed in carbon and non-condensable gases, the whole resulting in that the method according to the invention gives a greater percentageof high-class gasoline products than other methods hitherto known.

Since the volatile products of the shales are extracted, the latter contain a residue of so-called shale coke. The shale may be ignited and the coke burned by supplying air into the channel system provided in the ground. A very slow combustion may in this Way continue during many years, and the heat produced be used for various purposes, such as heating or preheating other shale formations, heating houses or the like, generating steam, vegetable cultivation and so on. Such cultivation may be in the shales will be utilized during several years.

While several more or less specific embodiments of' the invention have been shown, it is to be understood that this is for the purpose of illustration only, and the invention is not to be limited thereby, but its scope is to be determined by the appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. A device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such products upon heating, the deposit having a channel therein, a heating element in said channel located adjacent the deposit to be heated but spaced therefrom, and granular heat conducting materially substantially filling the channel between said heating element and said deposit, in which the heating element is an electrical resistance heating element in the form of a coil having a central core space for reception of a feeding member by which granular material may be supplied to the channel.

2. A device as set forth in claim 1 in which a casing member is located in the channel, and the coil is helical and connected to the casing at the lower end thereof.

3. A device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such products upon heating, the deposit having a channel therein, a heating element adapted to be positioned in said channel and a feeding member associated with said heating member by which granular material may be supplied to said channel, in which the heating element has a central core and the feeding member is attached to said heating element to supply granular material to said channel through said core.

4. The device of claim 3 in which the feeding element is removably attached to said heating element;

5. In a device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such products upon heating, the deposit having 'a channel therein, a helical heating element adapted to be positioned in said channel and a feeding member positioned within said heating element by which granular material may be supplied to said channel to surround the heating element, said feeding member being movable longitudinally with respect to said heating element as granular material supplied to said channel rises therein.

6. The device as set forth in claim 5 in which the feeding member carries a protuberance which is positioned in the space between the coils of the helical heating element whereby rotation of the feeding member will move the latter longitudinally with respect to the heating element.

7. A device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such products upon heating, the deposit having a channel therein, a heating element in said channel located adjacent the deposit to be heated but spaced therefrom, and granular heat conducting material substantially filling the channel between said heating element and said deposit, wherein the deposit forming the channel is cut away to form an enlargement of the channel, and including a blowout pipe in said enlarged portion for blowing the granular material from the channel upon conclusion of the heating operation.

8. A device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such prodfor blowing the granular material from the channel upon conclusion of the heating operation.

9. A device for recovery of hydrocarbon products from a subterranean mineral deposit yielding such products iipon heating, the deposit having a channel therein, a heating element in said channel located adjacent the deposit to be heated but spaced therefrom, and granular heat conducting material substantially filling the channel between said heating element and said deposit, in which the heating element is an elongated helical metallic element and is completely embedded in the granular material whereby dimensional changes of the heating element may take place in a longitudinal direction without stress destructive of the helical element.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 547,979 Whittingham Oct. 15, 1895 Nebel Apr. 20, 1897 Baker Apr. 9, 1907 Gardner Jan. 4, 1910 Wolcott June 5, 1923 Clark Oct. 7, 1924 Harrington July 16, 1940 Sowden Oct. 8, 1940 Erdmann et a1. Oct. 29, 1940 White Jan. 6, 1942 Ljungstrom Ian. 24, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS Great Britain Dec. 30, 1920 

